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Publications 2025

Back 77% of European theatrical films produced between 2015 and 2023 were made by a writer-director

77% of European theatrical films produced between 2015 and 2023 were made by a writer-director

Download “Writers and directors of film and TV/SVOD fiction - 2015-2023 figures”

 

A new edition of the report “Writers and directors of film and TV/SVOD fiction - 2015-2023 figures” has just been published by the European Audiovisual Observatory, part of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg. The report analyses almost 36 000 writers and directors involved in European theatrical films and TV/SVOD fiction produced in Europe between 2015 and 2023.

This new report finds that:

  • Most European films are written and directed by the same professional.
  • More than 40% TV/SVOD fiction directors also directed a theatrical film.
  • Unlike their TV/SVOD fiction counterparts, theatrical film writers and directors are subject to large turnover, partly due to the high share of debut films produced each year.
  • Therefore, TV/SVOD fiction writers and directors work more often.

Persistence of the (theatrical) film d’auteur model

77% of European theatrical films involved a writer who also directed the film. This means, on the one hand, that 48% of screenwriters between 2015 and 2023 only wrote one or more films that they also directed and, on the other hand, that only 55% of screenwriting jobs are allocated to screenwriters who are not also directors.

Conversely, in TV/SVOD fiction, the roles of writer and director are almost always distinct: only 11% of professionals who have made at least one TV/SVOD fiction film or episode of a series only made a fiction film that they both wrote and co-directed.


 

TV/SVOD directors are also active in theatrical films

A significant proportion (43%) of all TV/SVOD fiction directors active between 2015 and 2023 have directed at least one theatrical film at some point, including 30% between 2015 and 2023.

Conversely, as there are many more directors active in theatrical films than in TV/SVOD fiction, only a small proportion of theatrical film directors have also worked for TV/SVOD fiction.

Impressive turnover in theatrical films

Looking back, 44% of the film writers of 2015 and 42% of the films directors of 2015 have never worked again since then, either as writer or director, be it in theatrical film or in TV/SVOD fiction. The picture is very different for TV/SVOD fiction, where 85% of 2015 TV/SVOD writers and 90% of 2015 TV/SVOD directors continued to work, the vast majority working only in TV/SVOD fiction and in the same role.

More assignments in TV/SVOD shared between a smaller number of professionals

TV/SVOD assignments are proportionally distributed between fewer active professionals than film assignments. Working in TV/SVOD fiction implies more recurrence, with certain series running for several seasons. Conversely, the field of theatrical films seems structurally open to newcomers (on average, between 2015 and 2023, 51% of the theatrical film directors active in a given year directed their first theatrical film).

This translates into a very different level of activity between the two content categories: between 2015 and 2023, theatrical film writers wrote 1.4 films vs. 2.8 for TV/fiction films or seasons for TV/SVOD writers (excluding seasons with more than 52 episodes).


 

Strasbourg, France 14 January 2025
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14/11/2024 Authors: Amélie Lacourt, Eric Munch, Justine Radel-Cormann

AVMSDigest: Safe screens: protecting minors online

06/11/2024 Authors: Thierry Baujard, Dirk Bosmans, Gaetano Dimita, Hugo Derivry, Yin Harn Lee, Jakub Kubit, Loïse Lyonnet, Michaela MacDonald, Thomas Paris, Marcin Przybysz, Linda Schlegel, Thomas Westin

Legal challenges and market dynamics in the video games sector

18/10/2024 Author: Malte Baumann, Judit Bayer, Mira Burri, Gianluca Campus, Mark Cole, Kelsey Farish, Philipp Hacker, Elodie Migliore, Jan Bernd Nordemann, Justine Radel-Corman, Sandra Schmitz-Berndt, Bart van der Sloot

AI and the audiovisual sector: navigating the current legal landscape

31/05/2024 AUTHORS : FILM ANALYSTS - DEPARTMENT FOR MARKET INFORMATION

Focus 2024 - World Film Market Trends

03/05/2024 Authors: Dirk Voorhoof, Human Rights Centre, Ghent University and Legal Human Academy Ad van Loon, Charlotte Vier, Ronan Ó Fathaigh and Amélie Blocman

IRIS Themes - Vol. III - Freedom of Expression, the Media and Journalists. Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (2024 edition)

28/03/2024 Authors: Christian Grece and Jean-Augustin Tran

SVOD Usage in the European Union

Publications 2023

Publications 2023

14/03/2024 Authors (in alphabetical order): Mark D. Cole, Christina Etteldorf, Sandra Schmitz, Jörg Ukrow

IRIS Special 2023-2: Algorithmic transparency and accountability of digital services

19/12/2023 AUTHORS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER): Amélie Lacourt, Justine Radel-Cormann, Sophie Valais

IRIS Plus 2023-3: Fair remuneration for audiovisual authors and performers in licensing agreements

4/12/2023 AUTHORS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER): Amélie Lacourt, Eric Munch, Justine Radel-Cormann

AVMSDigest: The promotion of European works

2/11/2023 Authors (in alphabetical order): Tarlach McGonagle (author and editorial coordination) with Lotte van den Bosch, Doris Buijs, Mervin Huang, Max Nazarski, Ronan Ó Fathaigh, Joost Poort and Iryna Ulasiuk

IRIS Special 2023-1: Public interest content on audiovisual platforms: access and findability

6/07/2023 AUTHORS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER): Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Maja Cappello, Christian Grece, Patrizia Simone, Julio Talavera Milla, Sophie Valais

IRIS Plus 2023-2: Territoriality and release windows in the European audiovisual sector

01/06/2023 AUTHORS : FILM ANALYSTS - DEPARTMENT FOR MARKET INFORMATION

Focus 2023 - World Film Market Trends

03/05/2023 Authors: Dirk Voorhoof, Human Rights Centre, Ghent University and Legal Human Academy Ad van Loon, Charlotte Vier and Ronan Ó Fathaigh

IRIS Themes - Vol. III - Freedom of Expression, the Media and Journalists. Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (2023 edition)

03/05/2023 AUTHORS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER): Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Amélie Lacourt, Eric Munch, Justine Radel-Cormann, Sophie Valais

IRIS Plus 2023-1: Accessibility of audiovisual content for persons with disabilities

13/03/2023 Authors (in alphabetical order): Mark D. Cole, Elsa Costa e Silva, Jérôme Dheur, Christina Etteldorf, Olha Hruba, Catalina Iordache Pascal Kamina, Tanja Kerševan Smokvina, Michèle Ledger, Eleonora Maria Mazzoli, Nelly Ognyanova, Francesca Pellicanò, Jörg Ukrow, Sebastian Zeitzmann

IRIS Special 2022-2: Prominence of European works and of services of general interest

15/12/2022 Authors (in alphabetical order): Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Maja Cappello, Julio Talavera Milla, Sophie Valais

IRIS Plus 2022-3: User empowerment against disinformation online

16/11/2022 Authors (in alphabetical order): Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Maja Cappello, Julio Talavera Milla, Sophie Valais

IRIS Plus 2022-2: Investing in European works: the obligations on VOD providers

21/07/2022 AUTHORS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER): Max van Drunen (editorial coordination) with Ilaria Buri, Martina Chapman, Eileen Culloty, Ronan Fahy, Alexandra Giannopoulou, Elena Gil González, Arlette Meiring, Joanna Strycharz, Claire ten Heuvelhof.

IRIS Special 2022-1: New actors and risks in online advertising

01/06/2022 AUTHORS : FILM ANALYSTS - DEPARTMENT FOR MARKET INFORMATION

Focus 2022 - World Film Market Trends

Latest update: 15/04/2024 AUTHORS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER): AMÉLIE LACOURT, JUSTINE RADEL

Overview tables - Promotion of European works

03/05/2022 AUTHORS: Dirk Voorhoof, Human Rights Centre, Ghent University and Legal Human Academy Ad van Loon, Charlotte Vier and Ronan Ó Fathaigh

IRIS Themes - Vol. III - Freedom of Expression, the Media and Journalists. Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (2022 edition)

22/02/2022 AUTHORS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER): Erva Akin Kun, Amélie Lacourt, Justine Radel and Julio Talavera

Overview tables of governance safeguards of PSM in Europe

22/02/2022 AUTHORS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER): Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Maja Cappello, Julio Talavera Milla, Sophie Valais

IRIS Plus 2022-1: Governance and independence of public service media

Publications 2021

Back IRIS Plus 2021-1: Diversity and inclusion in the audiovisual sector

IRIS Plus 2021-1: Diversity and inclusion in the audiovisual sector

This publication aims at presenting the variety of measures in place with regard to diversity and inclusion in a non-comprehensive way - in a way which not only illustrates all the good work that has been done in recent years, but which also highlights shortcomings and challenges for the future.

  IRIS Plus “Diversity and inclusion in the audiovisual sector”

 IRIS Bonus: Reports on diversity and inclusion in the European audiovisual sector - an overview 

Authors (in alphabetical order) Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Maja Cappello, Julio Talavera Milla, Sophie Valais 08/07/2021
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PUBLICATIONS 2020

Back Supply of audiovisual media services in Europe: MAVISE insights - 2019

Supply of audiovisual media services in Europe: MAVISE insights - 2019

Based on the analysis of 2019 insights from the MAVISE database, this publication provides an overview of the European audiovisual media landscape as regards the supply of services from several perspectives. First it focuses on the availability and establishment of television and on-demand services in Europe. Secondly it looks at the access and distribution of audiovisual services in Europe. And finally it takes a look at the audiovisual media services in Europe that target non-domestic markets.

Author: Laura Ene, European Audiovisual Observatory 17/02/2020
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PUBLICATIONS 2019

Back Audiovisual media in Europe: insights from the MAVISE database

Audiovisual media in Europe: insights from the MAVISE database

Based on data analyses of 2018 data from the MAVISE database, this publication provides an overview of the European audiovisual media landscape from three different perspectives. The first focuses on the supply of audiovisual media services in Europe, presenting figures for television and on-demand services available and established in the European markets. The second perspective looks at the access and distribution of AV services in Europe, noting the dominance of pay business models in the sector. The third perspective highlights the growing footprint of targeting audiovisual media services in Europe that serve non-domestic markets.

Download the pdf here

Author: Agnes Schneeberger, European Audiovisual Observatory 08/10/2019
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PUBLICATIONS 2018

11/01/2019 Author: Maja Cappello (ed.). European Audiovisual Observatory

IRIS Special 2018-2: Media law enforcement without frontiers

21/12/2018 Authors (in alphabetical order) Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Maja Cappello, Enric Enrich, Julio Talavera Milla, Sophie Valais

IRIS Plus 2018-3: The legal framework for international co-productions

18/12/2018 Author: Martin Kanzler, Film Industry Analyst, Department for Market Information European Audiovisual Observatory

Fiction film financing in Europe: A sample analysis of films released in 2016

21/11/2018 Authors (in alphabetical order) Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Maja Cappello, Gilles Fontaine, Julio Talavera Milla, Sophie Valais European Audiovisual Observatory

IRIS Plus 2018-2: Brexit: The impact on the audiovisual sector

05/10/2018 Author: Maja Cappello (ed.). European Audiovisual Observatory

IRIS Special 2018-1: Media reporting: facts, nothing but facts?

04/10/2018 Author: Laura Ene, Analyst European Television and On-demand Audiovisual Market European Audiovisual Observatory

TV news channels in Europe: Offer, establishment and ownership

20/09/2018 Authors:Nevafilm Research/ European Audiovisual Observatory

Key trends in Russian cinema

05/06/2018 Authors (in alphabetical order) Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Maja Cappello, Gilles Fontaine, Ismail Rabie, Sophie Valais

IRIS Plus 2018-1: The legal framework for video-sharing platforms

05/06/2018 Authors: Gilles Fontaine, Christian Grece & Marta Jimenez Pumares, European Audiovisual Observatory

Online video sharing: Offerings, audiences, economic aspects

01/05/2018 Authors : Martin Kanzler, Patrizia Simone, Julio Talavera

FOCUS 2018 - World Film Market Trends

17/04/2018 Gilles Fontaine, European Audiovisual Observatory

TV fiction production in the European Union

02/03/2018 Authors: Christian Grece, Marta Jiménez Pumares, European Audiovisual Observatory

The origin of TV content in VOD catalogues - 2017 edition

02/03/2018 Authors: Christian Grece, Marta Jiménez Pumares, European Audiovisual Observatory

The origin of films in VOD catalogues – 2017

20/02/2018 Author: Gilles FONTAINE, European Audiovisual Observatory

The visibility of films and TV content on VOD

20/02/2018 Author: Christian GRECE, European Audiovisual Observatory

Trends in the EU SVOD market - 2017 edition

2017  2016  2015  2014  2013

2017

Capello M. (ed.)
Deposit systems for audiovisual works           Print version available on our online shop
IRIS Plus 2017-3, European Audiovisual Observatory


Cappello M. (ed.)
Commercial communications in the AVMSD revision    Print version available on our online shop
IRIS Plus 2017-2, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2017


Cappello M. (ed.)
Media coverage of elections: the legal framework in Europe   Print version available on our online shop
IRIS Special, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2017


Cappello M. (ed.)
Exceptions and limitations to copyright    Print version available on our online shop
IRIS Plus 2017-1, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2017


Ene L.
Media Ownership: Children’s TV channels in Europe - Who are the key players?
European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2017


Fontaine G. (ed.)
Yearbook 2016 - Key trends
European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2017


Fontaine G.
The visibility of films and TV content on VOD
European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, Novevmber 2017


Fontaine G. and Grece C.
Origin of films and TV content in VOD catalogues in the EU & Visibility of films on VOD services
European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, November 2016


Fontaine G. and Simone P.
The access to film works in the collections of Film Heritage Institutions in the context of education and research
European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, May 2017


Fontaine G. and Simone P.
VOD distribution and the role of aggregators
European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, May 2017


Grece C.
Trends in the EU SVOD market - 2017 Edition
European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg,  November 2017


Grece C.
The circulation of EU non-national films - A sample study: Cinema, television and transactional video on-demand
European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, November 2017


Grece C.
The presence of broadcasters on video sharing platforms
European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, October 2016


Grece C.
The online advertising market in the EU - Update 2015 and Focus on programmatic advertising
European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, November 2016


Kanzler M. and Talavera Milla J.
FOCUS 2017 - World Film Market Trends       
European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, April 2017


Schneeberger A.
Audiovisual services in Europe - Focus on services targeting other countries
European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, June 2017

 

2016

Cappello M. (ed.)
Mapping of media literacy practices and actions in EU-28
European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2016


Cappello M. (ed.)
Freedom of Expression, the Media and Journalists. Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (edition 2016)
IRIS Themes, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2016


Cappello M. (ed.)
Smart TV and data protection        Print version available on our online shop
IRIS Special, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2016


Cappello M. (ed.)
Regional and local broadcasting in Europe        Print version available on our online shop
IRIS Special, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2016


Cappello M. (ed.)
Media ownership - Market realities and regulatory responses       Print version available on our online shop
IRIS Special, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2016


Cappello M. (ed.)
VOD, platforms and OTT: which promotion obligations for European works?   Print version available on our online shop
IRIS Plus 2016-3, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2016


Cappello M. (ed.)
Audiovisual sports rights – between exclusivity and right to information   Print version available on our online shop
IRIS Plus 2016-2, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2016


Cappello M. (ed.)
On-demand services and the material scope of the AVMSD  Print version available on our online shop
IRIS Plus 2016-1, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2016


Fontaine G. (ed.)
Yearbook 2015 - Key trends
European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2016


Fontaine G. (ed.)
Films on television: Origin, age and circulation
European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2016


Fontaine G. and Kevin D. (ed.)
Media ownership: towards pan-European groups?
European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2016


Fontaine G. and Simone P. (ed.)
The Exploitation of Film Heritage Works in the Digital Era
European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2016


Fontaine G. and Schneeberger A. (ed.)
Panorama Report: Linear and on-demand audiovisual media services in Europe 2015
European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2016


Gorskaya T., Ivanova V., Kustov V., Leontyeva X., Luzhin A. and Trifonova J.
Film Production and Co-Production in Russia, and the Export of Russian Films Abroad
Nevafilm Research/European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2016


Горская T., Иванова В., Кустов В., Леонтьева К., Лужин А., Трифонова Ю.
Кинопроизводство И Копродукция В России.  Экспорт Российских Фильмов За Рубеж
Невафильм Research/Европейская аудиовизуальная обсерватория, 2016


Grece C. (ed.)
How do films circulate on VOD services and in cinemas in the European Union?
European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2016


Kanzler M. (ed.)
The Circulation of European Films Outside Europe in 2015
European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2016


Kanzler M. and Talavera J. (ed.)
Focus 2016. Word Film Market Trends. Tendances du marché mondial du film
Edited by the European Audiovisual Observatory
Marché du film / Festival de Cannes, Paris, 2016


Kevin D. and Schneeberger A.
Access to TV platforms: must-carry rules, and access to free-DTT
European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2016


Vorontsova A. and Leontyeva X (ed.)
Focus on the Audiovisual Industry in the Russian Federation
Nevafilm Research/European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2016


Воронцова А., АЦ Vi Леонтьева К. (ed.)
Взгляд На Аудиовизуальную Индустрию Российской Федерации
Невафильм Research/Европейская аудиовизуальная обсерватория, 2016


Talavera J. (ed.)
Public financing for film and television content - The state of soft money in Europe
European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2016

 

2015

Cappello M. (ed.)
Freedom of Expression, the Media and Journalists: Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (Edition 2015)
IRIS Themes Vol. III, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2015


Cappello M. (ed.)
Annotated bibliography on copyright enforcement online
IRIS Bonus 2015-5, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2015


Cappello M. (ed.)
Annotated bibliography on territoriality and its impact on the financing of audiovisual works
IRIS Bonus 2015-4, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2015


Cappello M. (ed.)
Public service media remit in 40 European countries
IRIS Bonus 2015-3, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2015


Cappello M. (ed.)
Copyright enforcement online: policies and mechanisms
IRIS Plus 2015-3, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2015


Cappello M. (ed.)
Territoriality and its impact on the financing of audiovisual works
IRIS Plus 2015-2, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2015


Cabrera Blázquez F.J., Cappello M. and Valais S. (ed.)
IRIS 2015 - Legal Observations of the European Audiovisual Observatory
European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2015


Cappello M. (ed.)
The protection of minors in a converged media environment
IRIS Plus 2015-1, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2015


Cappello M. (ed.)
Annotated bibliography on the protection of minors in a converged media environment 
IRIS Bonus 2015-2, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2015


Cappello M. (ed.)
Online activities of public service media: remit and financing Print version available on our online shop
IRIS Special, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2015


Ene L. and Grece C.
Origin of films in VOD catalogues in the EU 
DGCNCT Note 4, produced by the European Audiovisual Observatory on behalf of the European Commission, Strasbourg, 2015


Ene L. and Kevin D.
European fiction works on TV channels
DGCNCT Note A3, produced by the European Audiovisual Observatory on behalf of the European Commission, Strasbourg, 2015


Fontaine G.
Trends in linear television revenues 
DGCNCT Note B1, produced by the European Audiovisual Observatory on behalf of the European Commission, Strasbourg, 2015


Fontaine G.
The visibility of film on on-demand platforms: Germany, France and the United Kingdom 
DGCNCT Note 5, produced by the European Audiovisual Observatory on behalf of the European Commission, Strasbourg, 2015


Fontaine G. and Grece C.
Measurement of fragmented audiovisual audiences
DGCNCT Note 1, produced by the European Audiovisual Observatory on behalf of the European Commission, Strasbourg, 2015


Fontaine G. and Grece C.
Online advertising in the EU - Update 2014 
DGCNCT Note 2, produced by the European Audiovisual Observatory on behalf of the European Commission, Strasbourg, 2015


Fontaine G. and Schneeberger A.
Origin and availability of on-demand services in the European Union
DGCNCT Note A2, produced by the European Audiovisual Observatory on behalf of the European Commission, Strasbourg, 2015


Grece C. and Croce L.
The SVOD market in the EU developments 2014/2015
DGCNCT Note B2, produced by the European Audiovisual Observatory on behalf of the European Commission, Strasbourg, 2015


Grece C. and Croce L.
Trends in video-on-demand revenues 
DGCNCT Note 3, produced by the European Audiovisual Observatory on behalf of the European Commission, Strasbourg, 2015


Grece C., Lange A., Schneeberger A. and Valais S.
The development of the European market for on-demand audiovisual services
Report prepared by the European Audiovisual Observatory under a contract with the European Commission’s DG Connect, Strasbourg, March 2015


Jimenez M., Kevin D. and Talavera J.
Focus on Animation
Produced by the European Audiovisual Observatory on behalf of the European Commission, Strasbourg, 2015 (Downloadable from the European Commission's website)


Jimenez M., Simone P., Kevin D., Ene L. and Talavera J.
Mapping the Animation Industry in Europe
European Audiovisual Observatory on behalf of the European Commission, Strasbourg, 2015 (Downloadable from the European Commission's website)


Kanzler M.
The Theatrical Market of European Films Outside of Europe - Key Figures 2014
European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2015


Kanzler M. and Talavera J.
Focus 2015. Word Film Market Trends. Tendances du marché mondial du film
Edited by the European Audiovisual Observatory
Marché du film / Festival de Cannes, Paris, May 2015


Kevin D.
Investments in original content by audiovisual services
DGCNCT Note B3, produced by the European Audiovisual Observatory on behalf of the European Commission, Strasbourg, 2015


Kevin D.
Snapshot: Regional and local television in Spain
European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2015


Kevin D.
Snapshot: Regional and local television in the United Kingdom
European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2015


Lange A.
Fiction on European TV channels (2006-2013)
European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2015


Lange A. (ed.)
Yearbook 2014 - Television, cinema, video and on-demand audiovisual services - the pan-European picture Publication available on our online shop
European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2015


Richter Andrei & Richter Anya
Regulation of online content in the Russian Federation
IRIS Extra, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2015


Schneeberger A.
Origin and availability of television services in the European Union
DGCNCT Note A1, produced by the European Audiovisual Observatory on behalf of the European Commission, Strasbourg, 2015


Valais S.
Comparative tables on the protection of minors in audiovisual media services 
IRIS Bonus 2015-1, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg, 2015

 

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