IRIS Reports
IRIS is the publication family to which all of the Observatory’s legal reports, with the exception of the mapping reports and AVMSDigest, belong.
IRIS Reports can be in-house reports or reports authored by external experts. They are detailed legal reports on specific topics, sometimes including national case studies.
The reports are sorted by year of publication.
Publications 2025
The status of artists and cultural and creative professionals in Europe: Social rights and circulation
2/10/2025
Author: Sophie Valais
This study exposes the challenges facing Europe’s cultural professionals and the bold solutions offered to secure their future.
Governance and funding of public service media
22/07/2025
Authors: Olivier Hermanns & Amélie Lacourt
This report examines the governance and funding of public service media.
Approaching jurisdictional issues in European audiovisual law: trends and tensions
10/07/2025
Author: Olivier Hermanns
This report examines jurisdictional challenges in European audiovisual regulation.
State aid and the audiovisual sector
12/06/2025
Authors (in alphabetical order): Olivier Hermanns, Justine Radel-Cormann
National rules applicable to influencers
25/04/2025
This report is the first ever comprehensive comparative analysis of the regulatory frameworks that govern influencer activity in the EU-27, as well as in Norway, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.
Green transition in the audiovisual sector
24/04/2025
Author: Eric Munch
This report looks at the impact of the audiovisual sector on the environment. It examines international and pan-European legislation in this field, national legislation and film funding criteria and current carbon footprint calculating systems and collaborative approaches to sustainability.
The European Media Freedom Act unpacked
03/12/2024
Author: Christina Etteldorf, Mark D. Cole
This extensive, yet accessible report takes a deep dive into this new piece of media legislation that is intended to ensure media freedom, pluralism, and a well-functioning internal media market across the European Union.
AVMSDigest - Safe screens: protecting minors online
14/11/2024
Authors: Amélie Lacourt, Eric Munch, Justine Radel-Cormann
This report investigates how the AVMS Directive can help protect minors online.
Legal challenges and market dynamics in the video games sector
06/11/2024
Authors: Thierry Baujard, Dirk Bosmans, Gaetano Dimita, Hugo Derivry, Yin Harn Lee, Jakub Kubit, Loïse Lyonnet, Michaela MacDonald, Thomas Paris, Marcin Przybysz, Linda Schlegel, Thomas Westin
This publication explores the legal framework for video games.
AI and the audiovisual sector: navigating the current legal landscape
18/10/2024
Author: Malte Baumann, Judit Bayer, Mira Burri, Gianluca Campus, Mark Cole, Kelsey Farish, Philipp Hacker, Elodie Migliore, Jan Bernd Nordemann, Justine Radel-Corman, Sandra Schmitz-Berndt, Bart van der Sloot
This publication explores the legal framework around AI in the audiovisual sector.
Media literacy and the empowerment of users
13/06/2024
Author: Amélie Lacourt
This publication delves into the critical role media literacy plays in today's digital age, offering insights into current strategies in place to enhance users' abilities to navigate the complex media landscape.
Curtains up on regulation and support measures for the cinema exhibition sector
16/05/2024
Author: Sophie Valais
This report examines the regulatory landscape concerning the cinema exhibition sector.
IRIS Themes - Vol. III - Freedom of Expression, the Media and Journalists. Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (2024 edition)
03/05/2024
Authors: Dirk Voorhoof, Human Rights Centre, Ghent University and Legal Human Academy Ad van Loon, Charlotte Vier, Ronan Ó Fathaigh and Amélie Blocman
This revised 9th edition contains summaries of over 398 judgements or decisions by the Court and provides hyperlinks to the full text of each of the summarised judgements or decisions. The summaries included in the e-book can be retrieved from our legal database, IRIS Merlin.
Rules on levies to film funds
25/04/2024
This table is a comprehensive resource on the mechanisms behind national film funding. It offers an overview table detailing the types of contributions to national film funds, distinguishing between "levies" and "state budget," along with the diverse range of contributors involved.
IRIS Special 2023-2: Algorithmic transparency and accountability of digital services
14/03/2024
Authors (in alphabetical order): Mark D. Cole, Christina Etteldorf, Sandra Schmitz, Jörg Ukrow
A must-read round-up of the current issues concerning algorithm use in Europe and the legislator's approach to ensuring greater transparency in order to regulate these new AI systems.
IRIS Plus 2023-3: Fair remuneration for audiovisual authors and performers in licensing agreements
19/12/2023
AUTHORS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER): Amélie Lacourt, Justine Radel-Cormann, Sophie Valais
This report examines how the EU Directive 2019/790 on Copyright and Related Rights in the Digital Single Market (CDSM Directive) aims to strengthen the position of authors and performers when licensing their exclusive rights for the use of their works or performances.
Fair remuneration for audiovisual authors and performers in licensing agreements - National case studies
19/12/2023
Authors (in alphabetical order): Amélie Lacourt, Sophie Valais
This annex complements the publication on “Fair remuneration for creators in exploitation contracts”. It provides a detailed analysis of the transposition of Chapter 3 of Title IV of the Directive on Copyright in the digital single market (CDSM Directive).
AVMSDigest: The promotion of European works
4/12/2023
AUTHORS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER): Amélie Lacourt, Eric Munch, Justine Radel-Cormann
This first edition of the AVMSDigest report focuses on the national transposition of Articles 13, 16 and 17 of the revised Audiovisual Media Services Directive in the EU, EEA, EFTA and UK.
IRIS Special 2023-1: Public interest content on audiovisual platforms: access and findability
2/11/2023
Authors (in alphabetical order): Tarlach McGonagle (author and editorial coordination) with Lotte van den Bosch, Doris Buijs, Mervin Huang, Max Nazarski, Ronan Ó Fathaigh, Joost Poort and Iryna Ulasiuk
This legal analysis explores the place for public interest content and looks at how European media law can safeguard its accessibility.
IRIS Extra 2023: Media law and policy in selected Black Sea region countries
14/09/2023
AUTHOR: ANDREI RICHTER, COMENIUS UNIVERSITY, BRATISLAVA
This report provides an in-depth analysis of European media law in five Black Sea Region countries - the Republic of Armenia, Georgia, the Republic of Moldova, the Republic of Türkiye, and Ukraine.
IRIS Plus 2023-2: Territoriality and release windows in the European audiovisual sector
6/07/2023
AUTHORS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER): Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Maja Cappello, Christian Grece, Patrizia Simone, Julio Talavera Milla, Sophie Valais
This new report explores current EU legislation and market practice concerning release windows and territoriality.
IRIS Themes - Vol. III - Freedom of Expression, the Media and Journalists. Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (2023 edition)
03/05/2023
Authors: Dirk Voorhoof, Human Rights Centre, Ghent University and Legal Human Academy Ad van Loon, Charlotte Vier and Ronan Ó Fathaigh
This revised 8th edition contains summaries of over 378 judgements or decisions by the Court and provides hyperlinks to the full text of each of the summarised judgements or decisions. The summaries included in the e-book can be retrieved from our legal database, IRIS Merlin.
IRIS Plus 2023-1: Accessibility of audiovisual content for persons with disabilities
03/05/2023
AUTHORS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER): Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Amélie Lacourt, Eric Munch, Justine Radel-Cormann, Sophie Valais
This report explores the ways in which international and European legislation, as well as national approaches, can help to improve accessibility to audiovisual content for those of us with disabilities.
Publications 2022
IRIS Special 2022-2: Prominence of European works and of services of general interest
13/03/2023
Authors (in alphabetical order): Mark D. Cole, Elsa Costa e Silva, Jérôme Dheur, Christina Etteldorf, Olha Hruba, Catalina Iordache Pascal Kamina, Tanja Kerševan Smokvina, Michèle Ledger, Eleonora Maria Mazzoli, Nelly Ognyanova, Francesca Pellicanò, Jörg Ukrow, Sebastian Zeitzmann
IRIS Plus 2022-3: User empowerment against disinformation online
15/12/2022
Authors (in alphabetical order): Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Maja Cappello, Julio Talavera Milla, Sophie Valais
This new report examines the various tools to empower today’s media users to be able to deal with disinformation.
IRIS Extra 2022: Sanction law against Russian and Belarusian audiovisual media
17/11/2022
AUTHOR: ANDREI RICHTER, COMENIUS UNIVERSITY, BRATISLAVA
This report provides information on legislative measures and case law in Ukraine and elsewhere in Eastern Europe (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Moldova) against audiovisual media from Russia and Belarus.
IRIS Special 2022-1: New actors and risks in online advertising
21/07/2022
AUTHORS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER): Max van Drunen (editorial coordination) with Ilaria Buri, Martina Chapman, Eileen Culloty, Ronan Fahy, Alexandra Giannopoulou, Elena Gil González, Arlette Meiring, Joanna Strycharz, Claire ten Heuvelhof.
This new report provides a detailed examination of the current legal framework regulating online advertising.
IRIS Plus 2022-2: Investing in European works: the obligations on VOD providers
16/11/2022
Authors (in alphabetical order): Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Maja Cappello, Julio Talavera Milla, Sophie Valais
This report by the European Audiovisual Observatory describes the rules concerning financial obligations for VoD services in the EU with a close look to the national transposition of the AVMS Directive. (This is an updated version of the report originally published on 18/05/2022)
IRIS Themes - Vol. III - Freedom of Expression, the Media and Journalists. Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (2022 edition)
03/05/2022
AUTHORS: Dirk Voorhoof, Human Rights Centre, Ghent University and Legal Human Academy Ad van Loon, Charlotte Vier and Ronan Ó Fathaigh
This revised edition contains summaries of over 360 judgements or decisions by the Court and provides hyperlinks to the full text of each of the summarised judgements or decisions. The summaries included in the e-book can be retrieved from our legal database, IRIS Merlin.
The implementation of EU sanctions against RT and Sputnik
17/03/2022
AUTHOR: FRANCISCO JAVIER CABRERA BLÁZQUEZ
This note explains the European legal background for suspension of the broadcasting of RT and Sputnik in the EU.
Overview tables of governance safeguards of PSM in Europe
22/02/2022
AUTHORS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER): Erva Akin Kun, Amélie Lacourt, Justine Radel and Julio Talavera
This annex to the IRIS Plus 2022-01 provides overview tables on independence safeguards for governance of public service media in the 41 Observatory member states.
IRIS Plus 2022-1: Governance and independence of public service media
22/02/2022
AUTHORS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER): Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Maja Cappello, Julio Talavera Milla, Sophie Valais
This new report looks at the various aspects of governance of public service media and its role in safeguarding the independence of PSM.
Publications 2021
IRIS Bonus 2021-1: Reports on diversity and inclusion in the European audiovisual sector - an overview
Intended as a free working tool to accompany the reading of the IRIS Plus on “Diversity and inclusion in the audiovisual sector” this IRIS Bonus is the result of the desk research done for the preparation of the IRIS Plus and the preliminary workshop for the analysis of the topic.
- Link to the report: IRIS Bonus: Reports on diversity and inclusion in the European audiovisual sector - an overview
- Download as dynamic excel table
- IRIS Plus “Diversity and inclusion in the European audiovisual sector”
- Workshop: Diversity and inclusion in the European audiovisual industries: both on and off-screen
Author: Léa Chochon
06/07/2021
- Diminuer la taille du texte
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IRIS Special 2020-2: Artificial intelligence in the audiovisual sector
20/01/2021
Authors (in alphabetical order): Mira Burri, Sarah Eskens, Kelsey Farish, Giancarlo Frosio, Riccardo Guidotti, Atte Jääskeläinen, Andrea Pin, Justina Raižytė
In the audiovisual industry, as in other sectors, the increasing use of artificial intelligence is likely to herald a paradigm shift, as it can transform the entire value chain. This new report discusses the opportunities and challenges raised by AI in this sector.
IRIS Extra 2020: Foreign agents in Russian media law
22/12/2020
AUTHOR: ANDREI RICHTER, Comenius University, Bratislava
How does Russian media law deal with media outlets owned by non-Russian players? This latest IRIS Extra report delves into foreign ownership of the media in Russia and the provisions for this in Russian audiovisual legislation.
IRIS Special 2020-1: Media pluralism and competition issues
27/11/2020
AUTHOR: MAJA CAPPELLO (ED.). EUROPEAN AUDIOVISUAL OBSERVATORY
This IRIS Special 2020-1 report contributes to the debate on the relationship between safeguarding media pluralism and effective competition in the age of digitisation and globalisation, especially with regard to new diversity-relevant phenomena in the digital platform economy.
IRIS Plus 2020-1: Copyright licensing rules in the EU
30/07/2020
Authors in alphabetical order: Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Maja Cappello, Gilles Fontaine, Julio Talavera Milla, Sophie Valais
The application of copyright rules attached to audiovisual works and their exploitation along the value chain are becoming increasingly complex. This new and very timely copyright report provides a pathfinder’s thread through European copyright rules.
IRIS Plus 2020-2: The European audiovisual industry in the time of COVID-19
22/06/2020
Authors (in alphabetical order) Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Maja Cappello, Léa Chochon, Gilles Fontaine, Julio Talavera Milla, Sophie Valais
With its comparative analysis of approaches taken in the context of the COVID-19 crisis, this IRIS Plus helps the reader understand the diversity of approaches, interests, and measures taken across the film and audiovisual sector, and the diversity of the bodies taking them.
IRIS Themes - Vol. III - Freedom of Expression, the Media and Journalists. Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (2020 edition)
30/04/2020
Authors: Dirk Voorhoof, Human Rights Centre, Ghent University and Legal Human Academy Ad van Loon, Charlotte Vier and Ronan Ó Fathaigh
This revised edition contains summaries of over 300 judgements or decisions by the Court and provides hyperlinks to the full text of each of the summarised judgements or decisions. The summaries included in the e-book can be retrieved from our legal database, IRIS Merlin.
IRIS Plus 2019-3: Territoriality and financing of audiovisual works: latest developments
28/01/2020
Authors (in alphabetical order) Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Maja Cappello, Gilles Fontaine, Julio Talavera Milla, Sophie Valais European Audiovisual Observatory
This publication focuses in parallel on copyright and media regulation in order to take a closer look at the impact of the two leading concepts of “territoriality of copyright” and “country of origin” on the financing of audiovisual works in the digital single market.
IRIS Special 2019-2: Self- and co-regulation in the new AVMSD
06/12/2019
Authors (in alphabetical order) Amedeo Arena, Mark D. Cole, Jan Henrich, Bernardo Herman, Pascal Kamina, Susanne Lackner, Michèle Ledger, Roberto Mastroianni, Gabor Polyak, Andrej Školkay, Jörg Ukrow, Krzysztof Wojciechowski
This publication aims to analyse the system of self- and co-regulation provided for in the revised AVMSD.
IRIS Plus 2019-2: Release windows in Europe: a matter of time
06/11/2019
Authors (in alphabetical order) Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Maja Cappello, Gilles Fontaine, Julio Talavera Milla, Sophie Valais
This latest report clarifies the current release windows situation in Europe by providing a thorough analysis of the system and the economic and legal rationale on which it is based.
IRIS Special 2019-1: The independence of media regulatory authorities in Europe
26/09/2019
Author: Maja Cappello (ed.). European Audiovisual Observatory
This IRIS Special aims to advance understanding of the ways in which the revised AVMSD may have an impact on current legislation and practices.
IRIS Extra 2019-1: Disinformation in the media under Russian law
18/07/2019
Author: Andrei Richter
This article provides an overview of the legislation and case law concerning disinformation in the Russian Federation.
IRIS Plus 2019-1: The promotion of independent audiovisual production in Europe
17/05/2019
Authors (in alphabetical order) Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Maja Cappello, Gilles Fontaine, Julio Talavera Milla, Sophie Valais
This publication aims at providing an overview of many relevant issues concerning the independent production of films and audiovisual works in Europe, including market figures, international and national rules, inter-professional agreements and case law.
IRIS Special 2018-2: Media law enforcement without frontiers
11/01/2019
Author: Maja Cappello (ed.). European Audiovisual Observatory
This report provides an in-depth overview of relevant issues, from the challenges of law enforcement in the online environment to the scope of intervention of competent public bodies concerning cross-border activities and the practices of regulatory authorities.
IRIS Plus 2018-3: The legal framework for international co-productions
21/12/2018
Authors (in alphabetical order) Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Maja Cappello, Enric Enrich, Julio Talavera Milla, Sophie Valais
This publication provides an overview of many relevant issues concerning the co-production of films and other audiovisual works in Europe, including market figures, international and national rules, and funds supporting co-production.
IRIS Plus 2018-2: Brexit: The impact on the audiovisual sector
21/11/2018
Authors (in alphabetical order) Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Maja Cappello, Gilles Fontaine, Julio Talavera Milla, Sophie Valais European Audiovisual Observatory
This publication provides information on current key facts and figures on the weight of the UK in the European audiovisual market and on the main features of the legal framework that will cease to apply from 30 March 2019.
IRIS Extra 2018-1: The legal framework concerning foreign ownership in Russian media
14/11/2018
Author: Dmitry Golovanov of Moscow University
This article provides an overview of the Russian approach to foreign ownership of the media and explores the evolution of the foreign participation rules in the Russian media market.
IRIS Special 2018-1: Media reporting: facts, nothing but facts?
05/10/2018
Author: Maja Cappello (ed.). European Audiovisual Observatory
This report provides an overview of how the principles of accuracy, objectivity and fairness in news and current affairs reporting are regulated at European and national level, as well as how they are applied by European media organisations.
IRIS Plus 2018-1: The legal framework for video-sharing platforms
05/06/2018
Authors (in alphabetical order) Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Maja Cappello, Gilles Fontaine, Ismail Rabie, Sophie Valais
This report attempts to give an overview of the state of current legislation at European and national level. It includes the latest regulatory initiatives, the most recent developments around the case law of courts and other bodies and also outlines the self-regulatory initiatives of the industry.
Notification obligations for state aid concerning audiovisual works in the EU
10/05/2018
European Audiovisual Observatory
Article 108(3) TFEU says the Commission must be notified in time for it to submit its comments, of any plans to grant or alter aid. In 2014, the revised General Block Exemption Regulation (GBER) considerably extended the scope of exemptions from prior notification of state aid granted to companies.
IRIS Special 2017-2: Journalism and media privilege
23/02/2018
Author: Maja Cappello (ed.), European Audiovisual Observatory
The report provides an overview of the most recent rules, case law and policies across Europe with regard to the privileges that are given to journalists when exercising their activities.
IRIS Plus 2017-3: Deposit systems for audiovisual works
26/01/2018
Authors: Carolina Arias Burgos, Alexandra Poch, Franciska Schönherr (European Observatory on Infringements of Intellectual Property Rights (European Union Intellectual Property Office)), Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Maja Cappello, Gilles Fontaine, Sophie Valais (European Audiovisual Observatory)
This publication provides an overview of the regulatory framework concerning deposit systems. Today, deposit systems frequently serve national policy ends by ensuring the preservation of a country’s cultural heritage.
IRIS Themes - Vol. III - Freedom of Expression, the Media and Journalists. Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (2017 edition)
31/12/2017
Authors: European Audiovisual Observatory.
This revised edition contains summaries of over 250 judgements or decisions by the Court and provides hyperlinks to the full text of each of the summarised judgements or decisions. The summaries included in the e-book can be retrieved from our legal database, IRIS Merlin.
IRIS Plus 2017-2: Commercial communications in the AVMSD revision
09/10/2017
Author: Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Maja Cappello, Christian Grece, Sophie Valais, European Audiovisual Observatory
This report analyses the ongoing AVMSD reform in relation to commercial communications.
IRIS Special 2017-1: Media coverage of elections: the legal framework in Europe
12/07/2017
Author: Maja Cappello (ed.), European Audiovisual Observatory
This report provides an overview of the most recent rules, case-law and policies across Europe with regard to the coverage of elections and referenda in the various media. Looking into broadcasting and print media, as well as the online dimension, it gives an insight into the differing degrees of...
IRIS Extra 2017-1: Judicial practice on media freedom in Russia: the role of the Supreme Court
17/05/2017
Authors: Andrei Richter, Media Academy Bratislava
This article of Andrei Richter provides an overview of the way Russian jurisprudence has been influenced by the Supreme Court's interpretative guidelines since their adoption.
IRIS Plus 2017-1: Exceptions and limitations to copyright
17/05/2017
Author: Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Maja Cappello, Gilles Fontaine, Sophie Valais, European Audiovisual Observatory
This IRIS Plus aims at providing a general overview of the rationale and the evolution of the exceptions and limitations to copyright in the numerous international treaties and European directives devoted to this topic, and in the consequent ratifications and implementations at national level....
IRIS Themes, vol. III Freedom of Expression, the Media and Journalists - Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (2016 edition)
23/03/2017
Authors: European Audiovisual Observatory.
This e-book can be read in various ways: for initial orientation in the steadily growing Article 10 case-law; for refreshing one’s knowledge of that case-law; for quick reference and checking, as well as for substantive research.
IRIS Special 2016-2: Media ownership - Market realities and regulatory responses
17/01/2017
Authors: Maja Cappello (Ed.), European Audiovisual Observatory
One of the pillars of freedom of expression in the audiovisual sector is media pluralism. This concept covers, on the one hand, the availability of a variety of choice in the programming of the different media players. On the other hand, it concerns the effective presence of a multitude of...
IRIS Plus 2016-3: VOD, platforms and OTT: which promotion obligations for European works?
11/01/2017
Author: Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Maja Cappello, Christian Grece, Sophie Valais, European Audiovisual Observatory
The present issue of IRIS Plus starts with an outlook of the latest market developments, before exploring the regulatory context, and sets out international and European obligations as well as national frameworks. The report then continues considering self- and co-regulatory tools and case-law,...
IRIS Plus 2016-2: Audiovisual sports rights – between exclusivity and right to information
26/10/2016
Author: Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Maja Cappello, Gilles Fontaine, Sophie Valais, European Audiovisual Observatory
The increasing relevance of audiovisual sports rights, especially given this summer’s European football championship and Summer Olympics, has prompted us to carry out a comprehensive exploration of the topic.
IRIS Special 2016-1: Regional and local broadcasting in Europe
17/09/2016
Author: Maja Cappello (Ed.), European Audiovisual Observatory
Already when considering the strong differences across the various institutional systems across Europe, the word region” does not have one and only meaning. This is even more true when speaking about media, which do not necessarily reflect administrative structures, but rather give voice to the...
IRIS Extra 2016-2: Public service media in Transcaucasian countries
13/07/2016
Authors: Ekaterina Abashina, Lomonosov Moscow State University
After detailing the context with some historical notes on their respective media markets and regulatory frameworks, the author discusses the statute of the governing bodies, the financing of PSB, and the appointment procedures of Board members. She then analyses their programming policies and...
IRIS Plus 2016-1: On-demand services and the material scope of the AVMSD
03/06/2016
Author: Francisco Javier Cabrera Blázquez, Maja Cappello, Gilles Fontaine, Sophie Valais, European Audiovisual Observatory
Providers of VoD services originate from almost all links of the audiovisual value chain. They come from the traditional worlds of television channels and telecom operators, but also from film producers and distributors, content aggregators, video sharing platforms and even from audiovisual...
IRIS Extra 2016-1: Exceptions to copyright in Russia and the “fair use” doctrine
14/04/2016
Author: Margarita Sobol, Researcher at the Lomonosov Moscow State University
The author, Margarita Sobol, discusses the notion of fair use under US law and its equivalent under Russian law, and describes those exceptions to copyright that aim at balancing copyright with other fundamental rights in both countries, referring to relevant case-law.
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